Japanese Education Essay Example For Students

Japanese Education Essay Havent you at any point asked why Japanese understudies consistently score higher in scholastics than the remainder of the whole world? Instruction and tutoring in Japan changes enormously than the tutoring in America. Japanese understudies have a more noteworthy preferred position over their American partners so that they are increasing a greater amount of training than the Americans. The Japanese understudies need to concentrate constantly and make a solid effort to increase an expectation of getting a proceeded with training. Japanese youngsters have a more noteworthy chance to hold onto hold of their instruction than the American kids. At whatever point individuals begin to consider training and IQs by and large they will in general consider Japan. Japan has the main proficiency rate; at over 99% of its populace being able to peruse and compose. The Japanese arrangement of instruction is very efficient and organized. This is expected, to some degree, to the normalization of the t opic and instructing devices. Understudies have an equivalent opportunity to get the educational plan on the off chance that they move to an alternate school. This is on the grounds that the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, and Science sets the educational program at a standard for instructors in all schools to follow. Japans present day educational system was set up around a hundred years prior. This was about when Japan was opening exchange to the remainder of the world and westernizing by and large. It displayed its training frameworks after the French and German educational systems. Be that as it may, it doesn't display only one nation; it shows a considerable lot of them. They consolidate this with their own plans to frame their very own educational system. Understudies at the rudimentary level have incredible desires. Their condition mirrors their scholastic needs. There are around twenty-5,000 primary schools all through Japan. An average Japanese Elementary school will have around 300 understudies and an assortment of exercises that go on. This implies the schools are numerous and can concentrate more on the youngsters. Understudies find the opportunity to exceed expectations in their lives. In the Japanese school day, understudies are in their study halls by 8:30 a.m., and school gets out at 3:45 soon thereafter. Those are for their run of the mill government funded school classes. They have six classes all through their school day. There are a great deal of activities in dependence on learning and examining. There are board gatherings, club exercises, having school lunch, and in any event, cleaning. The understudies take practically full janitorial duty regarding their schools. The understudies get their exercises from their homero om classes and have the educators switch between the classes. This takes into consideration the understudies to get fortified with their friends that are in a similar homeroom. This makes a collaboration ethic that the understudies follow. They are shown math, Japanese, science, social investigations, calligraphy, and some different subjects from their homeroom educator. Indeed, even lunch is served, generally, in the homeroom classes. Their lunch additionally differs significantly than what were accustomed to eating. The school lunch today is rotisserie food on rice, bubbled potato prepared with sugar and soy sauce, sauted Szechwan pickles and leeks, and milk.()The just explanation the understudies would leave the homeroom for the educational plan is on the off chance that they required uncommon conditions. These could be subjects, for example, physical instruction or science, which would require a lab. Understudies are likewise urged to read for themselves. On learning in school and having a normal of two hours of schoolwork a night, they additionally concentrate individually to give them an edge at school. Fifth and 6th year understudies much further this in school in their PC labs. The understudies are encouraged the nuts and bolts of PC capacities, after that they start to learn all alone. They additionally have one hour of club exercises each subsequent week. They choose what exercises the club ought to perform. Schools have various clubs, including a games club, science club, PC club, bike club, and numerous different clubs. Tutoring is imperative to them. Japanese likewise have exceptionally interesting schools that are being created. A portion of these incorporate Akabanedai Nishi Elementary School in Tokyo. This school is one of the main schools to join PCs into the homeroom. Every study hall has at any rate one PC on a LAN (Local Area Network) and is associated with fast Internet access.The educational program is likewise very progressed. Lower-grade youngsters become familiar with the nuts and bolts of PCs and start to learn with them. The assemble data over the Internet, utilize the data in an introduction, and report what theyve realized on their own landing pages. They likewise go through groupware to set such things as email locations, databases, and gathering Internet study. Another such improvement is that of an open arrangement strategy. Inside the open arranging strategy, understudies have no set schedule and they learn in open territories. What's more, s ince schools are available to people in general, this takes into account the external world to include themselves with the understudies. Since understudies cannot hide themselves in the study hall, they will in general converse with the educators all the more uninhibitedly and furthermore become all the more cordial and autonomous. Middle school is a remarkable bounce generally. Rather than having six subjects, they have executed eight subjects, which incorporate math and science. Different subjects that are required are music, expressive arts, wellbeing, and physical instruction. All these are required all through ninth grade.Math and science, specifically, are such subjects that become progressively troublesome. The instructors feel worried to train all that is expected to breeze through the High School placement tests. They have to get the whole educational program out in a space of time that is practically deficient to permit understudies to learn it.The middle school science ed ucational program is very troublesome. Indeed, even secondary teachers will take a gander at it and state, Wow, these children are doing troublesome things in middle school. I feel that substance is to such an extent that understudies are presumably remembering it without getting it. (tenth grade science instructor, Naka Vocational High School)Students need to remember things rather than learn them to pass their selection tests for High School. In spite of responses to the trouble of the materials, the pace of the exercises in the study halls isn't what one would anticipate from such observations.These classes seemed to advance at a more slow pace that what youd expect.In certainty, there are typically a great deal of understudies who finish early and take a shot at schoolwork from different classes. Course books in the Jr. Secondary School circumstance are entirely different than here. The majority of them are no bigger than a short soft cover novel. Since they have a place with th e understudies, they are permitted to compose notes in the edge and save for survey for the selection tests. Understudies are required to take them home; they don't have any storage spaces to keep them in. Significant tests are additionally consolidated into the Jr. High. They are called intermittent significant tests (teikishiken). They are comparative in structure to the selection tests of High School and College, and they come about once consistently. A great deal of understudies concede that they wouldnt concentrate so a lot if there werent these tests to rouse them.And most understudies don't start reading for them until about seven days before the assessment. Those teikishiken (occasional significant tests) are a groundwork for the genuine placement tests. Finishing of Jr. Secondary School denotes the finish of required instruction in Japan. Be that as it may, despite the fact that it is the finish of the mandatory instruction, over95% of Jr. Secondary School graduates go on t o High School. To make this change, one must pass normalized High School assessments. The assessments comprise of five center subjects: arithmetic, social examinations, science, Japanese, and English. These tests might be prefectural or national, contingent upon where the understudy is applying. Most of understudies pick prefectural schools. Dissimilar to most nations High Schools where the region in which the school you go to depends on where you live, Japanese understudies approach a bigger arrangement of schools insofar as the prerequisites are satisfied. Japan is profoundly urbanized and most places have a refined open transportation framework, along these lines making an extreme rivalry for higher-positioned schools. Twelfth night analysus Essayhttp://jin.jcic.or.jp/nipponia/nipponia16/cont.html Nipponia 2001Hidetada, Shimizu. The Educational System in Japan. http://www.ed.gov/bars/JapanCaseStudy/index.html/June 1998Japan Online! Japan Education. http://www.asiadragons.com/japan/instruction 1996-2002Kinboshi Media. Japanese Education System. http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2150.html 1996-2001Shakunage Consulting, Inc.The Japanese Educational System. Michigan: http://www.shakunage.org/page.cfm/33/2001Title: Japanese Educational StudyHavent you at any point asked why Japanese understudies consistently score higher in scholastics than the remainder of the whole world? Instruction and tutoring in Japan fluctuates incredibly than the tutoring in America. Japanese understudies have a more noteworthy favorable position over their American partners so that they are increasing a greater amount of training than the Americans. The Japanese understudies need to concentrate constantly and strive to increase a desire for getting a proceeded with instruction. Japanese youngsters have a more noteworthy chance to hold onto hold of their instruction than the American kids. I.StandardizationA. EnvironmentII.Primary SchoolsA.DutiesB.CurriculumC.StudyingD.ModernizationIII.Secondary SchoolsA.DifficultyB.MaterialsC.Entrance ExaminationsIV.Juku and YobikoA.CrammingB.TimeC.Entrance ExaminationsV.High SchoolA.CurriculumB.TrackingC.Entrance ExaminationsTh ese Japanese youngsters unquestionably have a serious instructive edge over a ton of the world. In spite of the fact that they are as a rule forced into their examinations, they dominate the competition and have taken in a lot. What's more, the vast majority of the kids really need training. They are not exactly at school since they must be. Senior High schools have over 90% confirmation rate to Colleges and Universities. When they a

Research Methods in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Methods in Healthcare - Essay Example For Polit and Beck (2004, p. 14), two significant worldview in inquire about are positivism and naturalism. Ontologically, the positivist worldview declares that the truth is target and solitary while the naturalistic worldview holds that the truth is numerous and emotionally developed by an individual (Polit and Beck 2004, p. 14). Epistemologically, the positivist worldview thinks about that the specialist is free of its subject and, in this manner, discoveries are not affected by analyst (Polit and Beck 2004, p. 14). Interestingly, the naturalistic worldview expect that discoveries are result of the intelligent procedure between the analyst and the inquired about (Polit and Beck 2004, p. 14). Axiologically, the positivist worldview keeps up that qualities and predispositions must be dismissed in light of a legitimate concern for objectivity at the same time, repudiating this, the naturalist worldview hold that subjectivity is unavoidable (Polit and Beck 2004, p. 14). ... 18). Following Conger (1998), Bryman et al. (1988), and Alvesson (1996), Ospina (2004, p. 2) called attention to that there are in any event three focal points in utilizing subjective research. To begin with, subjective research structures are exceptionally adaptable as the examination configuration can be altered over the span of research as startling circumstances unfurl. Second, subjective research is delicate to relevant components. Third, in contrast to quantitative research, subjective research is increasingly suitable for representative measurements and implications. Hancock (2002, p. 2) called attention to that subjective research is generally fitting for discovering the thought processes in conduct, how sentiments and mentalities are grown, how individuals are influenced by occasions, and how social gatherings are not the same as one another. Hancock (2002, p.2) brought up that subjective research can worry about an expounded depiction of the assessments, encounters, and sen timents of people, something which quantitative research as a rule can't do or can do as such in a constrained manner. There is a variety of subjective research strategies. Creswell (2007) concentrated on five: account, phenomenology, grounded hypothesis, ethnography, and contextual investigation. Account examines include the documentation and investigation of composed or spoken writings (Cresswell 2007, p. 54). A story study can be a life account or a chronicle by the subject of the examination (Cresswell 2007, p. 54). It can likewise be a life story which is an examination wherein a specialist sets up and accounts the experience of someone else (Cresswell 2007, p. 54). An account can likewise be life history when the portrayal depicts a person’s whole life (Cresswell 2007, p. 54). For human services examines, one potential use

Kanban vs. Scrum Choosing the Right Approach for Your Team

Kanban vs. Scrum Choosing the Right Approach for Your Team Agile, Lean, Scrum, Kanban: these terms are all used to describe very similar project management approaches, and adding to the confusion, they’re often used interchangeably. People refer to Scrum ceremonies as Agile ceremonies, use Kanban boards for Scrum. If you’re new to Agile, it gets confusing quickly. If you’re struggling to understand the key differences between Scrum and Kanbanâ€"or to pick the right approach and/or tool for your teamâ€"we’ve put together this Scrum vs. Kanban comparison guide to help you get up to speed and make the right decisions. What Is Agile? Before we jump into defining Scrum and Kanban, it’s helpful to have a general understanding of Agile since Agile is at the core of both methodologies. However, unlike Scrum and Kanban, Agile is more of a philosophy than a project management methodology. Agile was developed in 2001 by a group of 17 software developers who called themselves “The Agile Alliance.” Over the course of two days, these developers wrote The Agile Manifesto, a set of guiding principles that encourage things like consistent progress and collaboration over process documentation and contract negotiation. Prior to the release of The Agile Manifesto, most software development projects followed Waterfall, a project management methodology where all of the requirements for projects were created and estimated before development began. Development teams would commit to doing a set amount of work in a set amount of time. This created several issues: If problems came up during the development process, they were difficult to address because teams had already committed to a specific scope of work. Because the requirements for projects were fully written in advance, development teams received very little input from project sponsors. Because the development team was working in a silo, project sponsors often didn’t see the outcome of any development work until development was complete, which often led to project sponsors discovering problems with the finished product. The Agile Alliance felt that a better approach to development would be for teams to work collaboratively with project sponsors over the course of the development timeline, gathering requirements and creating code using an iterative approach. An iterative approach, they felt, would give developers a way to address issues that arose during development and allow project sponsors to see what was being developed while it was being developed and weigh in with any concerns before it was too late to address them. What Is Scrum? While Agile is a philosophy that advocates for a collaborative, iterative approach to software development, Scrum is a methodology that’s commonly used to put Agile philosophy into practice. Scrum provides a framework that project sponsors and software developers can use to work together and follow Agile’s guiding principles. It was developed by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland, two members of The Agile Alliance, and described in The Scrum Guide. A Scrum team consists of three roles: Product Owner: The Product Owner is a representative of the project stakeholders who is available throughout the development process to answer questions, review completed work, and prioritize requirements. The Product Owner’s involvement with the development team helps teams adhere to Agile’s push for more collaboration. Scrum Master: The Scrum Master leads the development team, keeps everyone focused on their work, teaches others on the team about Scrum, and leads all of the Scrum meetings. He/she operates as the conductor of the team, making sure everything is running smoothly and everyone is following the rules of Scrum. Development Team: The Development Team is a group of three to nine developers who are responsible for doing the work that’s described and prioritized by the Product Owner. The Development Team works from a prioritized Product Backlog (list of project requirements) that’s composed of User Stories. User Stories are Scrum’s method of writing requirements that, instead of writing what needs to be done, explains how what the Product Owner is asking for will benefit the user of what’s being developed. User Stories always follow a specific format: As a [who], I want to [what] so that [why]. For example: As a MeisterTask user, I want to be able to drag and drop cards within lanes on my board so that I can prioritize the tasks in my lists. Development work is completed in an iteration called a Sprintâ€"a period lasting between one week and one month when the team focuses on a set, planned amount of work. That work is planned during a Scrum ceremony called Sprint Planning where teams decide on and plan the work for however many User Stories they believe can be completed during the Sprint. During the Sprint, Scrum teams have a Daily Scrum meeting at the beginning of each day where each member of the Development Team answers three questions: What did you work on yesterday? What will you work on today? Are there any impediments blocking you from completing your work? At the end of each Sprint, the team holds two meetings. The first is the Sprint Review where the Development Team demos the work completed during the Sprint to the Product Owner for sign-off. The second is the Sprint Retrospective where the team seeks to improve in future sprints by answering three questions: What went well during this Sprint? What didn’t go well? What should we do differently next Sprint? In addition to helping teams practice Agile, Scrum is designed to make sure that everyone is working at a consistent pace throughout the project, the work being completed is exactly what the project sponsors want, and teams are consistently improving over the course of a project. What Is Kanban? Kanban was originally developed by Taiichi Ohno, an industrial engineer at Toyota, to create a more efficient manufacturing process. It was later applied to software development by David J. Anderson in his 2010 book Kanban: Successful Evolutionary Change for Your Technology Business. Kanban uses an assembly-line approach to move work through a queue. Like Scrum, Kanban has a backlog of prioritized project tasks, but rather than planning work in Sprints, team members grab the highest-priority task in the backlog that’s ready to be completed. The core feature of the Kanban Method is the Kanban board. As in manufacturing where products are built in pieces in an assembly line, Kanban tasks move through a series of lanes as different pieces of work are completed. For example, if each task in your backlog requires backend development, then frontend development, then testing, then approval, your Kanban board might look like this: Tasks would move from one lane to the next as each set of work is completed. Another key feature of Kanban is Work-In-Progress (WIP) limits. Let’s say, for example, that your backend development team is working at a much faster rate than your frontend development team. The frontend team could end up with dozens of tasks in their queue while your testers sit around with nothing to do. WIP limits set a limit on the number of tasks that can be in any one lane at a time. When a team’s WIP limit is reached, it serves as a signal that there’s a blocker for that team. To remove that blocker, other members of the team could help to clear out the frontend development queue, or it might serve as a signal that your team is imbalanced: you need fewer backend developers and more frontend developers. Finally, while Kanban lacks the specific retrospective ceremonies of Scrum, a core principle of the methodology is continuous improvement. Teams need to reflect incrementally to look for ways to improve the flow of their work, remove blockers, and streamline their processes. For Kanban, Scrum, and Everything Kanban vs. Scrum As you have probably already seen, Scrum is a complex and strict methodology with a lot of rules and a highly specific framework that teams must adhere to. Kanban is a leaner approach with fewer rules and a simpler framework. Both, however, help teams adhere to the core principles of Agile: collaboration and flexibility. Choosing which methodology is right for your team requires you to consider a few different factors: How much structure does your team need? If your team works better with detailed rules and processes, Scrum is probably the better approach. Kanban is more flexible. Do you have dependencies on other teams/projects? Scrum’s detailed planning processes are more efficient when your work has lots of dependencies on individuals and teams outside of your Scrum team. Kanban works better when all of your work can be completed by your team. Do your tasks have dependencies on other tasks? Scrum’s planning works better when some items in your backlog must be completed before others can begin. Kanban works better when each task can be completed in isolation of others. Neither methodology is inherently better than the other. The “right” choice for your team depends on your organizational structure, team preferences, and the specifics of your work and project. And you don’t even necessarily have to always adhere to one or the other methodology. In fact, teams that have been working together for a while can easily switch back and forth between the two methodologies to accommodate different types of projects and sets of work. Scrum and Kanban Outside of Software Development While Scrum and Kanban have their roots in software development, the philosophies and frameworks of the methodologies are useful in lots of different industries and disciplines. For example, Kanban works really well for content marketing. Most content marketing workflows start with a backlog of ideasâ€"an editorial calendarâ€"that are planned by a content marketing manager. From there, they may go to an SEO specialist, then to a writer, then to an editor, then to a designer before they’re published. Kanban can also be a helpful approach for HR teams during the hiring process. Because different tasks need to be completed by different individuals (some by HR, some by the hiring manager) at different times, Kanban is helpful for streamlining that collaboration. Scrum could be used by a design team that’s working on redesigning a website. Say you need to release the redesign in six months, and there are lots of tasks that need to be completed as part of that project: updating site-wide elements such as navigation menus, buttons, and calls-to-action updating the images used on individual blog posts and landing pages revising the layout of all site landing pages updating your company style guide to reflect your new guidelines Due to the hard deadline and the design team’s need to work with other teams like development, sales, product, and marketing, Scrum could be a perfect fit for managing this project. Most large, dependency-heavy, and complex projectsâ€"regardless of the discipline that’s spearheading the projectâ€"can benefit from the structure Scrum provides. And most workflows that require input or attention from multiple individuals can benefit from the assembly-line approach of Kanban. Choosing the Right Scrum and Kanban Tools There are tons of tools to choose from if your team is practicing Scrum and/or Kanban. Some are specific to Scrum and have features for Scrum-specific ceremonies like Sprint Planning and Release Planning and use Scrum terminology like User Stories and Sprints. And while Scrum-specific tools work well if you think your team will only ever use Scrum, they’re less effectiveâ€"and far more cumbersomeâ€"if you want to take the leaner Kanban approach. Kanban tools offer more flexibility for teams that plan to use both methodologies at different times depending on the specifics of the work they’re doing. Obviously, Kanban tools are designed for and work well with the Kanban Method. But they work just as well for Scrum. Many teams run Scrum using a Kanban boardâ€"a practice that’s sometimes referred to as ScrumBan. A Kanban board can start with a “Product Backlog” lane where all of your incomplete User Stories live. Product Owners work in that lane, creating all of the User Stories needed for the project and prioritizing them by dragging and dropping cards in priority order from the top of the list to its bottom. When it’s time for Sprint Planning, the Development Team can pull the User Stories into the “Sprint Plan” lane to create a plan for the upcoming sprint. They can also add estimates if needed and use checklists to break User Stories down into individual tasks. When the Development Team is working on a user story, team members can move the card into an “In Progress” lane. You can also add a “Blocked” lane for user stories that cannot be completed because of a blocker that the Scrum Master needs to help remove. Finally, you can create a “Done” or “Acceptance” lane for User Stories that need to be demoed to the Product Owner for approval. And when approval is received, each card can move to a completed lane for the Sprint in which the User Story was completed. In addition to Kanban tools offering a more flexible approach to both Scrum and Kanban, they’re easy for interested parties outside of the team to understand. Project managers, project sponsors, and team managers can view the team’s board at any time to get a quick, overall view of the project’s progress. This is great for teams, too, because it usually means fewer status update meetings. Start Building More Agile Teams and Processes At its core, Agile is focused on continuous improvement. For The Agile Alliance, the improvements they sought to make were focused on collaboration, flexibility, and incremental delivery. But those may not be the improvements your team needs to make. And if so, that’s okay. Back when I worked as a Product Owner, I heard people say countless times “If you’re doing X, you’re not Agile.” But Agile itself isn’t a rules-based system; it’s a system of principles. And those principles can be applied by any team in any way that works for them as long as the goal is continuous improvement. So my advice is that as you investigate the different Agile methodologies, worry less about following the books and focus more on doing what’s needed to fix the problems that are plaguing your team and delaying your progress. The definitions and the processes are all just documentation, and as The Agile Manifesto says, working softwareâ€"or, in other words, the end resultâ€"is more important than defining how you get there. For Kanban, Scrum, and Everything

Carpe Diem Poetry Essay - 626 Words

Song speaks of the narrator commanding a rose to go deliver a message of the urgency of his love to his love; Go, lovely rose! The rose is a symbol of love and beauty. In this case, in the first stanza, the narrator is telling his girl how beautiful he thinks she is; When I resemble her to thee, How sweet and fair she seems to be. In the second stanza, hes asking the rose to tell her that she should not shun to have her graces spied as her beauty should not be hidden anymore. He thinks that her beauty should be praised and admired or it will fade without fulfilling its purpose; where no man abide, Thou must have uncommended died. In the third stanza, he is telling her that there is no worth in hiding her beauty; Small is†¦show more content†¦This creates a hour glass shape, which could be used to emphasise the subject of this poem - beauty. Also, rhyme is used in this poem. The rhyme is every stanza follows an a, b, a, b, b pattern. This rhyme scheme of a repeated b creates a drag effect on the poem. I see it as stressing beauty is being sucked (dragged) away with time. Overall, this poem gives me an impression of love being measured in physical appearances. In the next carpe diem poem, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time the same idea of making full use of time is conveyed. The title itself has already given us a picture of what it is about, with virgins referring to youth people. The main idea here is that youth is short so the narrator is encouraging readers to be brave and go forth to experience life while one is able to. In the first stanza, rose buds are used as they wither and die quickly, agreeing with the lines that follow - this same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying. Comparing youth to a flower is very appropriate as the lifespan of both is equally short. In the second stanza, the setting sun is used to demonstrate the concept of how quickly life can pass one by. It is described as the glorious lamp of heaven, giving one the impression of its great importance. It is saying that as we reach the prime in our life, our youth, it also means that it only have a short period of time before it is over; The higher hes a-getting, The sooner will his race beShow MoreRelatedThe Carpe Diem Poetry By Andrew Marvell Essay1773 Words   |  8 PagesThe Carpe Diem Poetry was more common during the Renaissance period and it urged people to acknowledge the swiftness of time and how imperative it was to make good use of opportunities. In fact, a number of poets used the style in creating the various themes such as death, life, time and sexuality. More importantly, some of the poems even adopted the sexual innuendos as a way of looking at the sexuality indirectly. 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In Many Ways, Poetry Has The Ability To Shape The Minds

In many ways, poetry has the ability to shape the minds of people and their views on a certain subject. Throughout the ages, poets and writers have been a part of social and political change due to the written works presented to the public. One such poet was William Blake. His poetry has inspired much change in both the past and the present. An analysis of â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† one of Blake’s most popular works, can help many to understand the significance of his work in a time period when social riot was visible in the public’s eyes. By exploring the writing style, structure and imagery in this poem, as well as identifying the importance of symbolism, a conclusion can be made concerning the purpose of this poem. Learning more about†¦show more content†¦This poem consists of a community of poor chimney sweepers, the narrator of this poem being one of the many sweepers. This poem begins with the unfortunate events of the narrator himself and his des cription of how he came to be one of the chimney sweepers. Through the use of perfect language, Blake is able to capture the event and all of its emotion. The narrator starts by saying, â€Å"When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Instantly, the readers feel sympathy for the narrator, knowing his childhood has not been the kindest. The almost perfect word choice allows readers to seep into the mind of the narrator as he continues his story. He says, â€Å"So your chimneys I sweep and in soot I sleep† (Blake 706). In the next stanza, the narrator describes a fellow chimney sweeper, Tom Dacre, and his heavenly dream. Written in a rhythmic and song-like format helps this poem flow throughout its entirety. Each line consists of patterns which help keep the poem simple as readers begin to understand its meaning. William Blake uses rhythm and sound to create a poem easy to comprehend. This is present as the narrator describes one of the many characters. He says Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair† (706). This line shows the simple structure and uses rhyming to keep the reader interested through the remainder of the poem. AnShow MoreRelatedAttic Romanticism : Reason And Imagination1705 Words   |  7 Pagesstruggle, celebrated itself with such a child, simultaneously Antigone and Cassandra.† (Friedrich Nietzsche on the relationship between the Apollnian and Dionysian) How do both reason and imagination shape poetry? Reason and Imagination are two concepts that seem opposed to one another. Reason is the ability of humans to make sense of things, and is grounded in reality while Imagination is a more abstract concept that is variously described as recreating experiences without them physically occurringRead MoreRobert Frost and E.E. Cumings Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesRobert Frost and E.E. Cummings Poetry is considered to be a representational text in which one explores ideas by using symbols. Poetry can be interpreted many different ways and is even harder to interpret when the original author has come and gone. Poetry is an incredible form of literature because the way it has the ability to use the reader as part of its own power. In other words, poetry uses the feelings and past experiences of the reader to interpret things differently from one to anotherRead More Beowulf Papers850 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf Papers A hero is a man of courage and ability who is admired for his brave deeds and noble qualities. A hero is a person who does not come along very often in any time period. He is a special person, who is a step above the average person in the way that he handles any situation that may arise. This statement is very true for the time of Anglo-Saxon culture and literature. A hero was like a god and was put on a pedestal far above the others. A hero brought peace to situationsRead MorePablo Neruda and Love962 Words   |  4 PagesLove, to many people, is a very simple thing, an easy emotion, but to Neruda it is a whole different animal. While it brings pictures of pure joy and happiness, it conveys something that seems so strange and obscure to a normal perception. Neruda has a way of showing love more realistically compared to the fairy tale love that everyone thinks of. Throughout Neruda’s poems he defines love as something extremely complex that is unpredictable in its ways. He makes love seem very back-and-forth, as ifRead MoreThe Connections between Poetry and Science 1189 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry is a form art that involves language, imagery, and emotion. These key elements can be expressed in many ways just as there are many ways to interpret poetry. While the poet can have a decisive meaning for the poem, the reader can interpret in many different ways that can be and usually are different from what the poet originally meant. In some cases, time can have an impact on what the poem means or how it is read. I know that I get a different meaning and feel from poems I wrote over a yearRead MoreWordsworths Treatment of Nature in Relation to Man in Tintern Abbey1202 Words   |  5 PagesWORDSWORTH’S TREATMENT OF NATURE IN RELATION TO MAN IN TINTERN ABBEY In his Preface to The Excursion, Wordsworth asserts that it is the ‘Mind of Man’ which is ‘My haunt, and the main region of my song’. Wordsworth is interested not in the natural world for its own sake but in the relationship between the natural world and the human consciousness. His poetry, therefore, offers us a detailed account of the complex interaction between man and nature—of the influences, insights, emotions and sensationsRead MoreJohn Gardners Grendel And Beowulf1468 Words   |  6 Pagesdragon’s antagonistic, materialist, and isolated nature. Many tales throughout the ages echo this classic theme: love overcomes hatred; selflessness overcomes selfishness; friendship overcomes enmity. Similarly, in Grendel, John Gardner ultimately argues that true meaning in life arises from developing strong connections with others, by contrasting the Dragon’s nihilist teachings, Beowulf’s empiricist brutality, and the Shaper’s n ationalist poetry. Like Smaug in the Hobbit, the Dragon, as a timelessRead MoreWhy Faustus Is More Than Just A Reproduction Of Sin1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe power of poetry provides mankind much more than an artistic well articulated rhythmic pattern of words. Poets provide mankind, through poetry, the ability to explore intimately the wit, will, virtues, vices, and nature of man’s soul. At first glance it appears that Christopher Marlowe’s, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus follows the Calvinistic teaching, â€Å"†¦that man is a fallen creature whose will is fatally polluted by Original Sin, but also that a poet, by willfully creating verisimilitudesRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Literary Text and Non-Literary Text1569 Words   |  7 Pages journals, text books and articles. Non-literary composition is written objectively. In contrast, literary texts are fictional compositions based on the artist’s will and imaginations and are therefore subjective. Poetry, novels, short stories and dramas are written in a particular way, and this is referred to as literary text. In literary texts, authors creatively create feelings and ideas to entertain their audiences. Examples of literary texts are poems, short stories and dramas. They haveRead More Pre-1914 Century Poetry Coursework Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesPre-1914 Century Poetry Coursework In this piece of coursework I will be comparing love songs from six different poems by different authors. I will do ‘First Love’ by John Clare, ‘How Do I Love Thee?’ by Elizabeth Barret Browning, ‘A Birthday’ and ‘Remember’ both by Christina Rossetti, ‘When We Two Parted’ by Lord Byron and ‘Villegiature’ by Edith Nesbit. All these poems that I am going to be comparing are all written before the 20th century, in the early 1700’s and 1800’s era. Love is

What Factors Motivate Employees Free Essays

What is the most important thing that can motivate employees With the rapid development of economic globalization, efficiency and quality determine the future of a firm. The fundamental factor, which determines the fortune of a firm, is employee, because if employees perform well and work efficiently, productivity will be considerably improved and large quantities of profits will be made. The increasing number of managers has realized the fact that employees are playing vital roles in development of a firm. We will write a custom essay sample on What Factors Motivate Employees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, appropriate measures are being taken to enhance the motivation of employees. Some people believe that adequate salary is the most important thing that can motivate employees, while more people hold the different view that other factors such as equal statue, achievable goals and appreciation have more positive influences on enhancing motivation. An abundance of evidence illustrates that job satisfaction, instead of salary, is the most significant thing in motivating employees. This essay will discuss three factors that of vital importance on ensuring job satisfaction, including fulfillment of requirements, closed relationship between employees and managers as well as flexible working schedules. Different people have individual requirements, which lead to different goals of working. As soon as achieving individual working goals and requirements, employees will be satisfied with jobs, and then be motivated. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, individual requirements can be divided into five levels. These levels can be generally divided into two parts: material requirements and psychological requirements. The fulfillment of psychological needs has longstanding effects on employees than meeting material needs. Certainly, conducting proper mental compensation program is beneficial for satisfying employees’ increasing requirements in psychology. For, example, Tesco enable each worker to express suggestions on the working freely, through which not only working conditions will be improved but also employees will feel valued (The Times, 2010). In addition, opportunities of career training are necessary for achieving mental satisfaction. In order to adjust to the society which is full of challenges and competition, employees require adequate training to develop personal skills and then obtain a sense of achievement and advancement. Meanwhile, according to equity theory and expectancy theory, in order to reach the best consequence, the following two principles ought to be taken. One is that mental rewards are determined by individual performance and contributions. Employees who have high performance and tremendous contributions will earn more praise or working condition improvement than those who have poor performance and few contributions. The other principle is that rewards are achievable for the majority. Different employees differ from one another in working ability and potentiality. As a consequence, levels of goals with suitable ranks of mental compensation should be fit for individuals (Madura, 2008). Therefore, fulfillment of individual requirements can exert considerable effects on motivating employees. Some groups of people are fond of making friends. No matter which countries others come from, if they have the same interest to share with or the same topic to discuss with, they will feel close to each other. For these groups of people, relationship between managers and employees is the most important factor that affects motivation. Open-book management, in which employees are capable to play the leading role of the firm by participating in making decisions, is a successful practice of ‘relationship motivation theory ’. Before production decisions are eventually made, decision makers need to consider about almost all aspects of production, such as the cost of raw material, time arrangement, target customers and some possible problems in production process, because each decision is closely related to individual profits(Madura, 2008). Giving employees opportunities of comprehensive consideration will not only create more profits for firms, but also develop an equal relationship between managers and employees. If employees feel being paid attention to, they will be willing to spare no efforts to the firm. In addition to equality, intimated relationship is also necessary. Managers ought to care about employees’ emotional variations, which may result from family problems or mental health, and have more communication with employees, like having lunch together and offering some comfort by simple words. If employees believe that they are working with friends instead of leaders, motivation will be increased. Flexible working schedule has positive association with job motivation. According to Pink’s research, if employees complete tasks ahead of deadline and guarantee high quality, an abundance of free time will be spared for family and self-improvement (Pink, 2009). Furthermore, Hawthorne’s experiment on the relationship between break time and productivity demonstrates that regular break with appropriate length leads to sharp increase in productivity (Madura, 2008). The reason is that flexible schedule which provides employees with large amounts of free time to accompany children produce positive psychological reactions and these reactions contribute directly to motivation. Therefore, variable time arrangement is the top motivator. Some young employees claim that salary which covers daily expenses is the most critical factor that forces them to work for long time, meanwhile, the amounts of salary can directly reflect the consequence of hard working and devotion. However, these groups of people just take their own needs into account instead of considering about various requests of different people. Salary will just satisfy a small part of employees whose goals is making money. Salary, a fixed amount of money that being paid monthly or annually (MacMillan, 2007, p. 1313), is called based pay, which can stimulate employees to some degrees. However, Herzberg’s job satisfaction study demonstrates that sufficient salary can just prevent employees from dissatisfaction, which means increasing salary is not the most efficient method to obtain high satisfaction (Madura, 2008). Personal total income consists of based pay and reward pay, and the initial motivator is the later, as it has vital impacts on employees’ psychological satisfaction with present jobs (Wiley, 1997). Despite the fact that salary is a useful motivator for some groups of employees, the majority of employees will not gain high satisfaction purely through increasing salary. In conclusion, salary is not of the top motivator in contemporary society, as the vital motivating factors are diversified in various social groups. The fulfillment of physiological and psychological requirements through appropriate equal and achievable compensation program, the maintenance of close relationship between managers and employees as well as flexible working schedule, which play critical role in enhance job satisfaction, exert more significant influence on motivating employees than simply increase of salary. If all of these motivational factors work together, a promising future will be exposed to both human beings and the society. Reference: Madura, J. (2008) Introduction to Business. 4th ed. Beijing: Post Telecom Press. Macmillan English Dictionary (2007, p. 1313). Malaysia: Macmillan Publishers. Pink, D. (2009) Dan Pink on the surprising science of motivation [online video] Available from: http://www. ted. com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation. html. (Accessed 25 April 2011). The Times 100 (2010) Motivation Theory in Practice at Tesco. Available from: http://www. thetimes100. co. uk/download-tesco-edition-15-full-case-study_132_396_1168 (Accessed 25 April 2011) Wiley, C. (1997) ‘What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys’, International Journal of Manpower, 18(3), pp. 263-280 How to cite What Factors Motivate Employees, Papers

Food Security for Food and Population- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theFood Securityfor Food Production and Population. Answer: Dynamics in food production and population do not differ to a great extent. The two facets can be considered to be directly proportional in the sense that the presence of plenty food means an increase in the population. In this sense, an increase in the carrying capacity causes a positive trigger to the population. On the contrary, decrease of food means hunger will starve the population and apart of the population will die hence decreasing their population. Arguably, food is a common variable that affect the population. Throughout the agricultural revolution, it is indisputable that it is human culture that we increase food production to feed the rapidly growing human population (Singh, 2009). However, this is a thermo-dynamic concept because the theory mandates that without enough food the population would not be growing. Also, we maintain the notion that we increase food production to help the malnourished and the starving population. This notion emerges as a result of empathy by the privileged people in society who sympathize with those people starving and malnourished in the society therefore they intervene to contain the situation. The point is population will not be growing without enough supply of food. And, without increasing food production the human population will continually reduce because most of the population might become distinct due to harsh survival conditions (Nwajiuba Nwosu Ejiogu 2008). Global climate change has a great influence on the present and future human life. Climate change has a huge impact on the shift on agricultural production. Especially the agricultural food production is immensely affected by climate change. The variation of physical conditions like temperature and moisture, ultra violet radiations are major determinants of food production (Goklany,2007). Climate change is likely to result to the decline of food production as a result of increased drought in most regions of the world. Research shows that by 2030 the effect will be more profound and will reduce pasture and crop yields immensely (Goklany, 2007). According to the forecast, the production of wheat in Brazil will reduce by 14% as a result of climate change. Notably, rapid climate change can affect agricultural production and biodiversity. Unless the climate change is slow, agricultural production will be affected severely. For instance, if the climate change is slow agricultural research institutions will have time to find remedies for the changes at the same time the agricultural crops to adapt to the climate change. However, if the problem of climate change is left to expand, it will cause a threat to those societies that lack the capacity to mitigate the situation. Sphere minimum guidelines are core principles that serve as a guideline to humanitarian actors, NGO, and donor institutions that depict that those people affected by calamities have a right to get assistance from the existing humanitarian actors. The sphere standards help humanitarian workers to have a recap of the qualitative and quantitative indicators that help them to determine how humanitarian agencies should work with communities in the sector of health, food, shelter, and water and sanitation. Basically, the sphere act as a tool for advocacy in with other local authorities, it established the minimum standards or privileges refugees are entitled, and finally provide a guideline how various agencies should deliver their services to the community. The well being, protection, and support of a pregnant mother and the infant are the core practices to meet the nutritional needs of the infant. Interventions are meant to control artificial feeding to ensure safe feeding practices are embraced. Some feeding practices on infants increase their vulnerability to diseases and even death. Therefore, incorporating practices that do not put the lives of the infants at risk is the core measure to prevent infant morbidity and support the nutritional needs of the infant. Aggregate demand curve is a force that determines the average quantity to food that is demanded by the economy (Van Ligthelm, 2009). It is derived by three major factors; the price and income of the food. If the quantity of food demanded is high we expect a proportionate decrease in the price of the same commodity. On the other hand, if the quantity supplied is low, the price is likely to shoot. Therefore, the effect of aggregate demand is realized when the forces of demand are trying to establish an equilibrium. Income elasticity of demand precisely shows a reflection on how a slight change of income affect the demand of a product. Income is a great determinant of consumer demand. Therefore, a positive change of income leads to a positive change on demand. On the other hand, a decrease of income causes a decrease of the quantity demanded. The rules applies to higher income households in the sense that they high income household have a high propensity of spending hence they tend to have a high demand for various goods. On the other hand, low income households have a low propensity to spending because their reduce their budget to suit the little income hence their demand for goods is likely to be lower than those of high income households. Therefore for income elasticity differs between the two in the sense that the curve for the high income households tend to be more slightly ahead of the curve of low income households. The latter comes behind the high income households curve. The establishment of genetically modified foods and application of climate smart agriculture are the latest innovations that have been realized to be the cure for food security. The contribution of genetically modified crops has been significantly noted has the best remedy to lack of foods in almost all parts of the world. In a practical manner, in Australia since 1996, GM crops have increased income up to $885 million (Uphoff, 2002). This innovation has come along with techniques like practicing crop rotation during spring and winter has been a productive way in Canada to deal with the stress of moisture variations while planting wheat. Furthermore, there is appropriate technology in place to control pests that has contributed to high productivity in most regions in the world. Climate smart agriculture has come along with the improvisation of drought resistant crops, crop breeding, mechanization of firms, improving crop varieties, and irrigation has contributed to food security (Rosen, 2014). For instance, the introduction of firm machinery tools has boosted productivity and encouraged large scale farming. In the long run, food production is in plenty to sustain the existing and growing generation. All this innovations are meant to deal with future calamities like food crisis and ways to cope with climate change. References Goklany,I. 2007.Improving State of the World: Why We're Living Longer, Healthier, More Comfortable Lives on a Cleaner Planet. Lanham: Cato Institute. Nwajiuba,C.U., Nwosu,C., Ejiogu,A. 2008.A re-examination of some theories on food production and population pressure: Evidences from Southeast Nigeria. Weikersheim: Margraf. Rosen,W. 2014.The third horseman: Climate change and the Great Famine of the 14thcentury. Singh,S.N. 2009.Climate change and crops. Berlin: Springer. Uphoff,N.T. 2002.Agroecological innovations: Increasing food production with participatory development. London: Earthscan Publications. Van,A.C., Ligthelm,A.A. 2009.The income elasticity of demand for consumer goods and services in South Africa. Pretoria: Bureau of Market Research, University of South Africa.

The future success of students

The future success of students How would be perfect to change our education system and add one special thing into its structure: an education would be much useful if empathy were a necessary part of the whole system. In order to make prosocial behavior better or decrease a social aggression – the main tool is empathy. Some social theorists and experts see our world as a place where we cultivate enough empathy to see our Planet and its residents as one social important unit. There is also a suggestion that empathy might be very idealistic, especially in comparison to a model of modern schooling, where such things like character education and social emotional learning are not popular at all. Moreover, the followers of empathy in education believe that it is a good way to create for children a successful way into the future. That is also important for all parents to understand, how crucial the value for success can be for their kids. It is also worth mentioning that higher levels of empathy make students more productive in social environments, according to the latest research. The role of empathy in the education can be very useful and it can increase the academic success of many students around the world. There was a study, for secondary school students, showing a strong connection between empathy indicators in children and their average grade. In addition, empathy continues to make a great effect, especially on comprehension in reading and social studies. The final statement is telling us that the empathic children are better able to place themselves in the role of central characters portrayed in the fictional and historical readings. They are also able to share and experience their feelings better. The empathy factor in the education system can boost children in terms of social behavior and motivation. They are more concerned for and respectful of others, which is also making them more self-directing in order to avoid harmful actions or maintain higher results of ethical, social conduct. The Yale’s research found that empathy is focusing to increase the next abilities: perceiving, using, understanding and managing any emotions. Empathy and the Learning Process Including empathy in the learning process is very important factor for young students. Many scientists argue that empathy training can be very effective for schools. Among all types of empathy trainings available for schools, there are some ways to change these types to increase the atmosphere of communities or classrooms. The emotional world of children Children’s emotions are the most important players in terms of motivation or learning. The role of emotions is very helpful, since it can help many young students to eliminate distractions like anxiety, anger or fear. The focus on a child’s emotional world is a key element in Waldorf Education. In this case, children make a bigger progress in the learning process and achieve better results during the study. How to use Empathy properly Empathy can be used in the learning process by the help of using stories. Stories are very interesting for children, because there kids are encouraged to use their imagination and the ability to place themselves into these stories. That is why teachers can use story to foster empathy and help children adopt to their lessons. Using empathy can help students to understand their experiences or feelings. Empathy model and the success The relationships of students and a positive teacher is the most important factor to achieve the future success. In Waldorf Education, it is usual to use the mentioned factor. This essential form of empathy model can help children to understand the world within the classroom. In order to make a final statement, we can tell you that empathy is key of children’s success.

Ancestry of Barack Obama - Fourth Generation

Ancestry of Barack Obama - Fourth Generation Barack Obama Family Tree, Generations 1-3 Fourth Generation (Great Grandparents): 8. Obama was born in Kendu Bay, Kenya 9. Nyaoke Obama had four wives, one of whom was Nyaoke. She fathered many children, of whom Onyango was the fifth son. 12. Ralph Waldo Emerson DUNHAM was born 24 December 1894 in Argonia, Sumner County, Kansas and died 4 October 1970 in Wichita, Sedgwick, Kansas. 13. Ruth Lucille ARMOUR was born in 1900 in Illinois and died (by suicide) on 25 November 1926 in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kansas. Ralph DUNHAM and Ruth ARMOUR were married on 3 October 1915 in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kansas and had the following children: i. Ralph Emerson DUNHAM, Jr., born 29 August 1916 (spouse Elizabeth Smith)6. ii. Stanley Armour DUNHAM The family is found living with Ruths parents in the 1920 federal census of Sedgwick County, Kansas. In 1930, Ralph Jr. and Stanley are with their maternal grandparents in Butler County, Kansas, while their father, Ralph Sr. was enumerated with his parents in Sedgwick County, Kansas. 14. Rolla Charles PAYNE was born 23 August 1892 in Olathe, Johnson County, Kansas and died in Kansas in October 1968. 15. Leona MCCURRY was born about May 1897 in Kansas. Rolla Charles PAYNE and Leona MCCURRY married in Kansas about 1922 and had the following children: 1. i. Madelyn PAYNEii. Charles Thomas PAYNE born in 1925.iii. Arlene PAYNE born about 1926.

The advertisement's impact on the nutritional habits of adolescent Research Paper

The advertisement's impact on the nutritional habits of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example This study focuses on adolescent girls within Saudi Arabia. This country was chosen because there have been few studies undertaken on advertising in this part of the world. It is likely that the effects that advertising has on adolescent girls will be significantly different in this part of the world than in Western country. Saudi Arabia is a Middle Eastern country that currently has a population of around 26.5 million people . There is a significant amount of segregation between the genders, and females mostly wear long black robes that cover their bodies . Because of this, it is likely that the influences that advertising has on the nutrition habits and behavior of adolescent girls is different in Saudi Arabia than it is in countries in the Western world. In particular, the aim of this research was to analyze the nutritional habits and behavior of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia, and what effect advertising had on these habits. It was hypothesized that girls exposed to a high amou nt of advertising for unhealthy food would make poorer nutritional decisions than those who had less exposure to advertising. Review of the Literature Adolescence is a particularly important time in development, as decisions made and habits formed during this developmental period partially carry over to adulthood . For example, many adolescents, particularly females, do not eat breakfast in the morning due to a shortage of time or the desire to lose weight. This habit can carry through into their adult life, and females who had this habit when they were adolescents are likely to continue to feel that breakfast is not important. In addition, there is significant concern that the diet of adolescents is... This  «The advertisement’s impact on the nutritional habits of adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia » essay outlines and analyzes how the ad changed nutritional behavior of girls in this country. Advertising targeted at young females tends to focus on images of females who are thin, pretty and with good physiques. These images are often airbrushed, or the women themselves have achieved this physical form through eating poorly. Research indicates that advertising images of thin or beautiful women have negative effects on the body image of women viewing them. This can lead to dissatisfaction with their current body, and the modification of beliefs and behaviors associated with eating (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008). An example of this is that most females in advertisements for products are thin. This can result in adolescent females feeling that they are inadequate, and beginning to reduce their food intake to attempt to reach this unrealistic goal. Consequently, young females often starve themselves. These habits can remain long into adulthood, and may cause significant physical damage. This effect is strongest in adolescence where individuals are most concerned about their appearance and how they are perceived by others. Additionally, adolescent females are subject to extreme levels of hormones, and this can elevate their responses (Shepherd & Dennison, 1996). Adolescent females use images of others to construct their perceptions about themselves (Thomsen, et al., 2004). Negative body image is associated with a wide range of negative nutritional habits.

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Concert report - Essay Example Some of which are my favorites – Californication, Behind the Sun, Aeroplane, Look Around, Can’t Stop, I Could Have Lied, and Scar Tissue. Just recently, the Red Hot Chili Peppers once again made history in the music industry during their concert held in Toyota Center, Houston Texas on October 20, 2012. Aside from the perfect indoor arena that would definitely hold the energy and vigor in their music reverberating all throughout the venue; and one that could seat more than 19,000 people and at the same time allow movement from its audience, the Red Hot Chili Peppers concert of 2012 was meant to be a blast. Kicking off the concert was a mash up of guitar, bass, and drum music arrangement that set the rock and funk vibe at its course. The second the lyrics from the song â€Å"Monarchy of Roses† were uttered, the crowd already went uncontrollably in a trance. This was immensely triggered by the enormous LED screen that projected abstract lines and colors in vibrant movement. Also, the first few songs sung were the loud and robust tracks that immediately gained audience’ interaction without being demanding or appearing too loud. After a couple of songs that made the audience shed a few sweats and turning the venue into a few degrees warmer, the band started singing songs with spirit. One of which that really startled the night would be â€Å"Look Around†. It is a song with a very groovy melody and yet a strong lyrics. A portion of which says: Another favorite song of the night was â€Å"Can’t Stop†. Aside from the energy of the song, its lyrics somehow told the story of how The Red Hot Chili Peppers as a band took it a step further that actually landed them to where they are today, touching millions of lives and sharing music that connects people from different walks of life together. This concert was indeed such a big success, though for sure the band already had numerous ones, because at every concert they continue to take, a

Hazards In Sewage Treatment Plants Biology Essay

Hazards In Sewage Treatment Plants Biology Essay Wastewater consists of a mixture of domestic sewage which includes waste from sinks, household toilets, showers, washing machines. It also consists of industrial effluent, occasional run-off of surface water and ground water which has infiltrated into the sewers. 99.99% of wastewater consists of water, and 0.01 % of it comprises of dissolved or suspended solid matter (www.fairfield-city.org/wastewater.cfm Date Accessed 14.02.13) 2.1 Wastewater Biology Untreated sewage may contain a number of disease causing organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungus, worms and protozoa (McCunney, 1986; Weldon et al, 2000; Schlosser et al, 1999). Airborne bacteria concentrations are usually very high where sewage is agitated, such as near incoming wastewater inlets and sludge treatment areas (Laitinen et al, 1994). Compare to other areas of a WWTP, a few airborne bacteria have also been found in clean areas such as control rooms (Laitinen et al, 1994). The major route of exposure to these microorganisms is the foecal-oral route (McCunney, 1986). This commonly occurs during eating, drinking, smoking or by touching the face with contaminated hands or gloves (HSE, 1998). Inhalation of aerosols containing microorganisms is not so common. Nevertheless it is an essential method of entry. Skin absorption is less frequent since pathogens only enter skin damaged by cuts, burns, blisters, or puncture wounds (Laitinen et al 1994; McCunney, 1986). The mucous membranes such as in the eyes and nose may also provide a pathway of entry for certain disease causing microorganisms. 2.2 Hazards in sewage treatment plants 2.2.1 Biological Hazards in wastewater Diseases are caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths and fungi which are present in the raw domestic wastewater mainly from human origin and in agricultural wastes. Diseases are also caused by contact with the toxins released by the infectious organisms, by insects or rodents thriving in the sludge drying beds (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 1983). The following infectious agents can be found in raw wastewater: Table 2.1: The biological organisms in wastewater Organism Signs Symptoms Bacteria Salmonella Nausea, headache, diarrhea and vomiting; almost always with a fever. Tetanus (lockjaw) Muscular stiffness in jaw, neck. Sweating, fever, difficulty swallowing. Shigella Cramps, diarrhea, fever, bloody stool, nausea, vomiting. Leptospirosis (Weils Disease) Intestinal problems, liver and kidney disease, jaundice. E. coli Diarrhea, vomiting, little or no fever, blood often seen in stool. Tulareisis Chills, fever, swollen lymph nodes, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting. Yersinia Diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain that resembles appendicitis. Viruses Hepatitis A Fever, abdominal pain, nausea, jaundice, dark-colored urine. Hepatitis B Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice, joint pain. Hepatitis C Develops slowly, loss of appetite, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting. Jaundice is less common. HIV Destroys immune system, prone to opportunistic infections. Polio Fever, headache, nausea, muscle pain and stiffness, paralysis. Parasites Entameoebahistolytica (amebiasis) Mild nausea, loose stool, abdominal tenderness. In severe cases can spread throughout the body and attack other organs, especially the liver. Giardia lamblia Cramps, weight loss, loose/greasy stool, bloating. Fever is rare. Sources: AFSCME; Utah Dept. of Health. 2.2.2 Virus 2.2.2.1 Hepatitis A A study was carried out to determine whether or not occupational exposure to sewage is associated with a higher seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus. In order to carry out the study about 600 sewage workers in Singapore were tested. The study showed that sewage workers had an increased occupational risk of acquiring HAV infection and should be protected by active immunisation (B. H. Heng, K. T. Goh, S. Doraisingham, and G. H. Quek, 1994). 2.2.3 Bacteria 2.2.3.1 Helicobacter pylori Several studies have shown that there was an increased risk for gastric cancer among sewage workers. During the last decade, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori has appeared as one important risk factor for gastric cancer and is now considered a class I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Rajnarayan R. Tiwari, 2008). 2.2.3.2 Legionella Legionella pneumophiliais usually spread by water aerosols caused either pneumonia or a no pneumonic disease (Pontiac fever). An investigation on American sewage workers found that there was no increased risk of infection with L pneumophilia. But recently some cases of Pontiac fever have been reported in workers exposed to aerosols from a sewage plant in the food industry treating only organic industrial waste. L pneumophilia, similar to that present in the infected workers was cultured from the sludge (Gregersen P, Grunnet K, Uldum SA, Andersen BH, Madsen H. 1999). 2.2.4 Parasites There has been a significant positive association between the finding of protozoa in faeces from sewage workers and the duration of exposure to sewage, (Knobloch J,Bialek R,Hagemann J. Intestinaler Protozoenbefall durchberufsbedingten Abwasserkontakt,1983). It has been reported that the prevalence of infestation with intestinal parasites was decreased by adopting good hygienic practices (Schlosser, O., et al, 1999). An increased risk for giardiasis has been reported among workers in France and Germany (Schlosser et al, 1999; Knobloch J, Bialek R, Hagemann J. Intestinalerb Protozoenbefallb durchberufsbedingtenb Abwasserkontakt,1983; Doby JM, Duval JM, Beaucournu JC.Amibiase, 1980; Clark CS, Linnemann CC, Clark JG, Gartside PS.1984; Sullivan R, LinnemannJr CC, Clark CS, Walzer PD.1987).An increased incidence of Entamoebahistiolytica has been reported in sewage exposed workers in France, but not in Germany (Bialek R, Hagemann J. Intestinaler Protozoenbefalldurchberufsbedingten Abwasserk ontakt. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1983; Doby JM, Duval JM, Beaucournu JC.Amibiase, 1980). 2.3 Chemical Hazard Wastewater contains a great amount of industrial contaminants which may harm those people who come into contact with sewage. According to the Pennsylvania DEP, methane and carbon dioxide were the most common chemical byproducts of wastewater. If found in a small enclosed space with a quantity of sewage, these gases could crowd out oxygen and asphyxiate anyone trapped in the area (Nellie J.Brown, 1997). Sewage workers were also exposed to gases such as hydrogen disulfide, methane, ammonia and carbon monoxide. Watt and his colleagues carried out a study on 26 sewer workers exposed to smell and it was found that 53.8% developed sub-acute symptoms including sore throat, cough, chest tightness, breathlessness, thirst, sweating and irritability. Severity of symptoms seemed to be dose related (Watt MM, Watt SJ, Seaton A. 1997). 2.4 Physical Hazard Physical hazards were caused due to exposures to excessive noise levels from mechanical equipment, UV radiation and adverse weather such as low or high temperature, and rain. (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 1998) 2.5 Ergonomic Factors Musculoskeletal injuries were caused by over exertion during handling heavy loads, such as containers of chemicals, or by awkward working postures including frequent bending (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 1983). Sewage workers have reported osteoarthritic problems and intervertebral disc herniation which are the common spinal disorders (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 1970). An investigation was carried out by Friedrich on 255 sewage workers to determine the occurrence of spinal troubles (i.e., neck, upper back and lower back pain [LBP]). He reported that the 12-month prevalence rates of neck, upper back and LBP were 52.4%, 54.8% and 72.8%, respectively. He concluded that the occurrence of spinal troubles and work disability due to LBP increased with age, weekly duration of stooping, lifting and higher abnormal illness-behavior scores (Friedrich M, Cermak T, Heiller I, 2000). 2.6 Psychosocial and organizational factors Discomfort and psychological problems were related to prolonged wearing of protective clothing, the bad smells of the wastes, the feeling of working with soiled liquids in a dirty and not too respectable occupation, and to the worries caused by awareness of the dangers of the workplace (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 1983). 2.7 Accidental hazards Accidental hazards which occurred in wastewater treatment plants included the followings: Slips and falls on floors made slippery by water, aqueous solutions or solvents. Falls into ponds, pits, clarifiers or tanks causing injuries or drowning. Hazards related to entry into confined spaces. Suffocation can occur due to oxygen shortage, poisoning such as hydrogen sulfide. Burns, by steam or hot vapors, by splashes of hot plating baths, solvent sand other liquids, by contact with hot surfaces (e.g., annealing ovens), Electric shock caused by contact with faulty electrical equipment and cables. Cuts and pricks by sharp tools sharp edges. Injuries especially of eyes caused by flying particles, in particular from rotating brush cleaning or wheel grinding. Fire and explosions due to the formation and release of flammable gases such as methane, hydrogen during processing. Strong chemical reactions caused by uncontrolled mixing of chemicals For example when mixing water with concentrated sulfuric acid during the preparation of reagents for wastewater treatment. Acute poisoning caused by various chemicals such as gaseous chlorine present in the wastes which is used as reagents, or released during the treatment. Acute intoxication caused if mistakenly drank untreated wastewater. Poisoning by phosgene, this may be formed if a worker smokes in the presence of chlorinated-solvent vapors, or if welding or other flames or arcs are used. Chemical burns by corrosive liquids. Damage to eyes by splashes of irritating or corrosive liquids (ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 1998). At a sewage treatment plant in Homeballe in Kimberley,five men aged between thirty and fifty who were repairing the pipes had lost their lives after drowning in a bay. It was believed that they may have gone unconscious due to the toxic fumes from the sewage and the area that they were in then filled up with water and sewage causing all five men to then drown (Jonckie on November 6th, 2012). 2.8 Health problems of workers at the treatment plant 2.8.1 Effects on skin and mucous membranes among the workers Many sewage workers have reported skin disorders (Lundholm M, Rylander R, 1983; Scarlett-Kranz JM, Babish JG, Strickland D, Lisk DJ, 1987) and inflammation of the eyes (Lundholm M, Rylander R, 1983; Mattsby I, Rylander R., 1978).After an accidental exposure to dust containing sludge, several incinerator workers at a sewage treatment plant in Toronto, Canada were affected by irritant contact dermatitis (Nethercott JR, 1981). 2.8.2 Effects on the nervous system Studies have also revealed that central nervous system symptoms such as headache, unusual tiredness, and concentration difficulties have been found among the sewage workers. In addition, an increased risk for non-specific work related gastrointestinal symptoms was found among the sewage workers (J Thorn, L Beijer, R Rylander, 2002). 2.8.3 Respiratory symptoms Several studies have been done to study the respiratory function of sewage workers. All of them demonstrated that respiratory symptoms such as chronic bronchitis and toxic pneumonitis were common among these workers (J Thorn, L Beijer, R Rylander, 2002). Moreover, abnormal respiratory functions which arose due to exposure to endotoxins and airborne bacteria by way of bio aerosols were also discovered in those sewage workers. Furthermore, Zuskin et al. reported that sewage workers were exposed to different occupational noxious agents, which may lead to the development of chronic lung function changes (Zuskin E, Mustajbegovic J, Schachter EN, 1993). 2.9 Health Safety of workers According to OSHA, the employer should give the worker: Training and education about the hazards present at the wastewater treatment plant. A place onsite with clean water for washing hands A place to wash and clean up after work. The right PPE, such as gloves, goggles, a face shield, water-resistant suit, or respirator, depending on the job type. Clean areas for eating and smoking. Cleaning facilities or services for clothing and equipment. (If clothing is badly soiled, change out of it. Keep equipment clean to limit your exposures to the disease-causing agents (Anon, 2004). 2.9.1 Safety of workers In wastewater treatment plants, engineering controls and work practices are the best ways to protect workers from exposures to disease. When engineering controls are not possible, the use personal protective equipment (PPE) is encouraged (Anon, 2004). 2.9.1.2 Engineering controls Engineering controls remove or reduce the hazard either by initial engineering design specifications or by applying methods such as substitution, isolation or ventilation (Raterman, 2002). 2.9.1.3 Administrative control Administrative controls that minimise employees exposures by scheduling reduce work times in contaminant areas, good work practices and employee training. Appropriate training which includes hazard recognition and work practices specific to the employees job that can help reduce exposures are given (Raterman, 2002). 2.9.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment means any equipment intended to be worn or held by an employee and which protects him against risk to his health or safety. It includes: (a) Any addition or accessory designed to meet that objective; and (b) Clothing affording protection against the weather; (Occupational Safety and Health act, 2005) Workers handling sewage are provided with proper PPE. The following PPE are recommended for workers handing sewage: Goggles: to protect eyes from splashes of human waste or sewage. Protective face mask or splash-proof face shield: to protect nose and mouth from splashes of human waste or sewage. Liquid-repellent coveralls: to keep human waste or sewage off clothing. Waterproof gloves: to prevent exposure to sewage. Rubber boots: to prevent exposure to sewage.(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). 2.9.1.5 Training for Workers All workers who handle sewage receive training. The training should include information on basic hygiene practices; use and disposal of personal protective equipment; proper handling of sewage; signs and symptoms of the different types of diseases present; and ways in which diseases can be transmitted. Workers are also advised to immediately seek medical attention if displaying any signs or symptoms such as vomiting, stomach cramps and watery diarrhea (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). 2.10 Hygiene Practices 2.10.1 Hygiene Hygiene is the association of human sciences, professions, technologies and disciplines for the purpose of protecting the health of individuals and community from any harmful exposure (Goldner, 2009). The science of hygiene comprises of disciplines, microbiology, parasitology, immunology, toxicology, entomology, pharmacology, environmental health including geography, topography, and engineering, all with a view to limit, inhibit, or block sources and characteristics that deter from normal living. 2.10.2 Hygiene at Work Protecting workers against disease, ill-health or impairment due to chemical, microbiological and physical health hazards, not only during, but after work, has been the traditional goal of occupational hygiene. Prevention of occupational diseases emanating from the workplace due to toxic exposures has been one of the primary roles (Pityn, 2007). A well planned and properly executed sanitation program for the workplace is of great importance for both the workers and the employers as it helps a company to attain better productivity in a safer work place and it ensures good working conditions for the workers. 2.11 Medical surveillance According to Occupational Safety and Health act, health surveillance should be provided to employees who are exposed to potentially hazardous substance. The medical surveillance should be free of charge and should be carried out at intervals of not less than once every 6 months or at shorter intervals as the medical practitioner may advise. (Occupational Safety and Health act 2005). 2.12 The role of Waste Water Management Authority (WMA) The WMA manages the public sewerage system which consists of 515 km of sewer network, 19 treatment plants and 50 pumping stations with the main treatment plants located at St-Martin, Grand-Baie, Baie-du-Tombeau, and Montagne Jacquot. The Wastewater Management Authority (WMA) has been established as a corporate body under the Wastewater Management Authority Act to be responsible for all matters relating to the collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater. It operates as an autonomous organization under the aegis of the Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities. The WMA thus plays an important role in the protection of the environment and in ensuring the countrys sustainable development by the provision of appropriate water pollution standards, wastewater control systems and management services to the entire population of Mauritius (www.gov.mu Accessed on 16.12.12). 2.13 The purpose of this study The general aim of the present study is to identify the general conditions of workers, the possible communicable and non-communicable disease which may affect the workers, the different types of symptoms experienced by the workers at the workplace, the personal protective equipment provided to the workers and the potential risk that can affect the workplace. In addition, information collected from the survey shall broaden the knowledge of sewage workers in regards to the harmful effects of sewage on health.

Pharmacy Marketing Plan Essay

The Discount Pharmacy is a brick and mortar and mail order pharmacy that sells prescription medication at lower prices than other pharmacies. The Discount Pharmacy is able to sell at reduced prices through the use of operating efficiencies and the elimination of unnecessary services for customers that self pay their drugs. The Discount Pharmacy does not accept insurance payments which disrupt the cash flow. By having a larger percentage of their business serviced by their mail order arm, The Discount Pharmacy is able to gain economies of scale by selling larger quantities of drugs with less labor required per order. As more and more Americans are on a continuous prescription to medicine, this trend will lend itself to rapid growth as customers can mail order larger quantities of drugs that they will need over time. Additionally, many insurance companies offer an economic incentive for medicine to be purchased mail order in quantity, saving the insurance company money. This factor will also help boost The Discount Pharmacy to profitability. The Pharmacy will increase its market share through targeted advertising to increase the number customers who are looking to save money on a pricey, necessary expense. Pharmacy Marketing Plan The Discount Pharmacy Situation Analysis The Discount Pharmacy is in the first year of business as a start-up operation. The Pharmacy believes that the market demand for their services will be great and are convinced that a cohesive marketing strategy is required for The Pharmacy. The Pharmacy offers a wide range of prescription medicine for pick up at their store front or it can be distributed by mail order. The Pharmacy’s prices are far better than most pharmacies so their services will be attractive for people that just need to buy their medicine at good prices and do not need their hands held during the process. Market Summary The Discount Pharmacy posesses good information regarding their market and the target segments that they wish to serve. The Pharmacy will leverage this information to better understand who is served, their specific needs, and how The Pharmacy can better serve them. Market Needs The Discount Pharmacy is providing the market with a source of discounted drugs. This market need is important as many Americans are faced with the dilemma of using their limited income on food or meds. The Discount Pharmacy seeks to fulfill the following benefits that are important to their customers. * Selection: The Pharmacy offers a wide range of medication, both originals as well as generic alternatives. * Accessibility: Products are distributed through their conveniently-located store front, or can be shipped within the U.S. * Customer service: The Pharmacy recognizes the value of having outstanding customer service. By exceeding all of the customer’s expectations, they are ensuring repeat customers and many referrals. * Pricing: The Discount Pharmacy’s prices will be noticeably better than local pharmacies. Market Trends The market trend for pharmacies reinforces consolidation. The whole medical industry (including doctors, pharmaceutical companies) has pressure being applied to them from different sides to achieve cost efficiencies and to decrease the cost of the various products/services. Looking specifically at pharmacies, over the last eight years, there has been widespread consolidation, done to a large degree to achieve costs efficiencies. Now insurance companies are adding pressure to decrease costs since they are a main party in the payment for meds. The Discount Pharmacy is able to coexist in this consolidation environment by achieving cost efficiencies through their unique business model of mail order service and a decrease in the normal pharmacist offered services. Market Growth In 2000, the global pharmaceutical industry as a whole was a $897 billion dollar industry. The industry is forecasted to continue its record growth. This growth can be attributed to several factors, the underling driver is scientific progress. As our scientific community continues to make breakthroughs in medical applications, people become more and more reliant on medication to lengthen and improve their quality of life. American society in particular has become increasingly reliant on medication. This conclusion seems to be fairly intuitive as many individuals have a vested interest in living longer and more comfortably. This demand applies pressure to the scientists and pharmaceutical companies who are always on the lookout for the next big blockbuster drug which will ensure profitable returns. While America remains as the largest consumer of medication in the world, to a large degree based on the simple quantitative measurement of GNP, it is reasonable to expect that the retail distribution of these drugs will achieve extraordinary growth rates if they are employing creative business models or if they are one of the â€Å"giants.† SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis captures the key strength and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing The Discount Pharmacy. Strengths * A unique, current business-environment-appropriate business model. * Excellent staff who are highly trained and very customer attentive. * Great prices. * The ability to scale rapidly for the mail order side of the business. Weaknesses * The lack of visibility and brand equity of a start-up business. * Lack of true experience running a mail order outfit. * Government intervention/regulation into medicine is possible. Opportunities * Outside pressure on consumers to purchase meds mail order. * The constant growth of the number of people taking medication. * Newly formed alliances of insurance companies and mail order pharmacies. Threats * The entry into the mail order market by an established company. * Regulatory legislation that curtails the mail order medicine industry. * Some event that cripples interstate commerce in regards to shipping. Competition Competition takes many different forms in the pharmacy industry. * Chain pharmacies: These are state or national chains such as Rite-Aid. The advantage to these chains are better prices through economies of scale as well as personalized service. The personalized service takes the form of the chain having a record of your medication purchases as well as any allergies that you have disclosed to them. * Local pharmacies: These are the pharmacies where you typically know the pharmacists and they know your medical history. This option is high in personalized service and convenience, and high in price. * Mail order and Internet pharmacies: These are similar to The Discount Pharmacy. * Canadian pharmacies: These pharmacies are located in Canada where the cost of drugs is lower than in the U.S. These pharmacies can be accessed through mail order, the Internet, or via travel. Recently there has been the trend for trips arranged for senior citizens in northern states to travel up to Canada for the day to pick up their meds. Product Offering The Discount Pharmacy offers a wide range of prescription drugs to patients based in Oregon and nationally. Both generics and name brands are offered. The customer needs to either mail in the prescription, fax it, or email it. Once it is received and payment arrangements are complete, the meds will be sent out to the customer via U.S.P.S. or U.P.S. Local customers may stop by the store front to pick up the medications contemporaneously. The Discount Pharmacy will only service customers who self pay. The self pay customers will be attracted to The Discount Pharmacy because of their superior prices. For many Americans that do not have drug plans, including the vast majority of Americans over 65, a discount on drugs is very welcome on today’s increasingly tight monthly budgets. The Discount Pharmacy will be able to survive on lower margins due to operating efficiencies gained through mail order and not accepting insurance policy drug plans. With each order a printout will accompany the medications that will provide directions on how to take the medications, other drug that should be avoided concurrently, and other useful information. Often times this information is communicated personally by the pharmaceutical technician. The Discount Pharmacy will be using computer printouts from industry software to reduce the cost of providing this information. Note: While the term â€Å"self pay† is typically associated with the notion that the customer is paying for the medication out of pocket without insurance, it is used in this context as the customer paying for the medications upfront by themselves regardless if they have insurance. They may be paying for the drugs out of pocket, or they may be paying for the medications upfront and then requesting their insurance companies drug plan to reimburse them later. Keys to Success The keys to success are: * Repeat customers. * Low overhead and operating costs. * Superior prices and service. Critical Issues The Discount Pharmacy is still in the speculative stages as a start-up business. Its critical issues are to continue to take a modest fiscal approach, expanding at a reasonable rate, not for the sake of expansion in itself, but because prudent economic analysis dictates to  Pharmacy Marketing Plan The Discount Pharmacy Marketing Strategy The Discount Pharmacy will have different marketing strategies for the two different segmented groups that they wish to reach. The walk-in customers will be targeted through advertisements in the local paper, â€Å"The Oregonian.† The advertisements will raise visibility for The Discount Pharmacy and their discounted prices. As the price of medication continues to skyrocket, The Discount Pharmacy will appeal to local people as a way to try to contain these rising costs. The mail order customers will be targeted through an advertising campaign in magazines and newsletters that have an older (over 55) crowd that regularly needs medication and knows in advance what their needs are. One of the main newsletters that The Discount Pharmacy will be visible in is the American Association of Retired Persons (A.A.R.P) monthly newsletter.